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摘 要
本文在热力学计算原位反应合成温度的基础上，采用机械球磨、真空热压、真空烧结等机械合金化粉末冶金技术制备了颗粒增强钛基复合材料。在制备的过程中，采用金相、SEM、XRD、TEM等分析测试方法，对复合材料及其在成形各个阶段的微观组织演变进行了分析和研究，对制备出的TiB增强钛基复合材料的力学性能作了初步的分析和讨论。
采用原位合成工艺制备TiB增强钛基复合材料，利用热力学理论对Ti与TiB2之间的原位反应进行了分析，对反应的烧结温度进行了近似计算，初步确定在制备TiB增强钛基复合材料过程中的真空烧结温度为1300℃，从而拟定合理的真空烧结工艺，制备TiB增强钛基复合材料。
为了制备出性能优异的颗粒增强钛基复合材料，使复合材料中增强相分布均匀。本试验初期主要对钛基复合材料的机械球磨工艺进行了探索分析，以保证通过原位反应生成的增强相在基体中分布均匀。在机械球磨的过程中，由于混合粉末不断地受到球的冲击和碾压，混合粉末颗粒的表面会不断地被破坏，又会不断地结合在一起，在这个过程中会伴随着N、O、Fe等杂质元素的引入，从而造成间隙污染。为此，分别在室温球磨机和高能球磨机中对同种混合粉末进行了机械球磨，观测了混合材料粉末在球磨过程中的成分变化，结果表明在球磨过程中杂质元素会随着球磨的进行而进入混合粉末中，而且这些杂质元素（尤其是Fe）的引入会随着球磨时间的延长而增加。同时对球磨过程中混合粉末的微观结构进行了分析研究，发现通过合理的机械球磨工艺，球磨过程可以使陶瓷粉末在基体材料中分分布均匀，从而为后续的真空热压、真空烧结工艺提供良好的坯料。
采用真空热压和真空烧结工艺对球磨后混合粉末进行致密化成形，制备出的块体坯锭致密度较高，但存在少量微孔洞。通过真空热压，采用单轴双向模压方法将混合粉末成形为块体坯锭，并利用阿基米德排水法计算出块体坯锭的致密度在94%左右。将真空热压后成形的块体坯锭放置在真空烧结炉中进行高温真空烧结，由于钛元素非常活泼，极易被氧化，所以坯锭在进行真空烧结的过程中要始终保持较高的真空度，在本试验中将真空度控制在10－3Pa左右。另外，由于真空热压后的块体坯锭存在有微小的孔洞，在烧结过程中必定会伴随着放气，所以在烧结过程中应在试样的放气阶段适当控制烧结温度的升高速度，以减少试验的污染。通过计算，真空烧结后的试验的致密度可达到98%以上。
采用金相、XRD、TEM等分析测试方法对真空烧结后的试样进行了微观组织分析。XRD的分析结果表明在经过1300℃的高温烧结，混合材料中初始加入的TiB2与基体材料完全反应，生成增强相TiB，与热力学计算的结果相吻合。金相及TEM的分析结果表明在真空烧结后，复合材料中存在明显的增强相TiB，并且增强体呈晶须状，晶须直径为0.5μm、长度在60μm左右，增强相在基体中分布较均匀，与基体之间界面平整、干净。
对制备出的TiB增强钛基复合材料进行室温压缩试验，试验结果表明：复合材料的压缩屈服强度在1320Mpa左右，较基体材料的压缩性能有了明显的提高，但材料的延伸率相对降低。

Answer 1

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Answer 2

This article in thermodynamics computation home position response synthesis temperature foundation, used the mechanical ball grinding, the vacuum thermo-compression, the vacuum agglutinates and so on the mechanical alloy powder metallurgy technology to prepare the pellet enhancement titanium base compound materials. In the preparation process, uses the gold, analysis test method and so on SEM, XRD, TEM, and its was forming each stage to the compound materials the microscopic organization to evolve has carried on the analysis and the research, to the TiB enhancement titanium base compound materials mechanics performance which prepared has made the preliminary analysis and the discussion.
Uses the home position synthesis craft to prepare the TiB enhancement titanium base compound materials, the use thermodynamics theory to between Ti and the TiB2 home position responded has carried on the analysis, agglutinated the temperature to the response to carry on the approximate calculation, the preliminary determination in prepared in the TiB enhancement titanium base compound materials process the vacuum to agglutinate the temperature is 1,300 ℃, thus drew up the reasonable vacuum to agglutinate the craft, prepared the TiB enhancement titanium base compound materials.
In order to prepare the performance outstanding pellet enhancement titanium base compound materials, makes in the compound materials to strengthen distributes evenly. This experimental initial period mainly has carried on the exploration analysis to the titanium base compound materials mechanical ball grinding craft, by guaranteed through the home position responded the production the enhancement distributes evenly in the substrate. In in mechanical ball grinding process, because the mix powder receives the ball unceasingly the impact and the roller compaction, the mix powder pellet surface can destroy unceasingly, also can unify unceasingly in together, can follow impurity element the and so on N, O, Fe in this process introduction, thus causes the gap pollution. Therefore, separately has carried on the mechanical ball grinding in the room temperature ball mill and the high energy ball mill to the homogeneous mix powder, observed the mix material powder in ball grinding process ingredient change, finally indicated the impurity element can carry on in the ball grinding process along with the ball grinding but enters in the mix powder, moreover these impurity elements (in particular Fe) the introduction can lengthen along with the ball grinding time but increases. Meanwhile mixed the powder to the ball grinding process in the microscopic structure to conduct the analysis research, discovered through the reasonable mechanical ball grinding craft, the ball grinding process might cause the ceramic powder a minute distribution to be even in the substrate material, thus for the following vacuum thermo-compression, the vacuum agglutinated the craft to provide the good semifinished materials.
Uses the vacuum thermo-compression and the vacuum agglutinates the craft to mix the powder after the ball grinding to carry on the compact forming, prepares the block body semifinished product spindle sends the density to be high, but has the few micro holes. Through the vacuum thermo-compression, will use the single axle bidirectional mould pressing method to mix the powder forming for the block body semifinished product spindle, and will calculate the block body semifinished product spindle using the Archimedes drainage to send the density about 94%. The block body semifinished product spindle forms which after the vacuum thermo-compression lays aside in the vacuum sintering furnace carries on the high temperature vacuum to agglutinate, because the titanium element is extremely lively, is extremely easily oxidized, therefore semifinished product spindle in carries on in the process which the vacuum agglutinates to have to maintain the high vacuum degree throughout, in this experiment vacuum degree control about 10 - 3Pa. Moreover, after because the vacuum thermo-compression block body semifinished product spindle existence has the small hole, in agglutinates in the process to be able to follow surely is deflating, therefore in agglutinates in the process to be supposed to deflate the stage suitable control in the test specimen to agglutinate the temperature to elevate the speed, by reduces experimental the pollution. Through the computation, the vacuum agglutinates the after experiment to send the density to be possible to achieve above 98%.
Used the gold, analysis test method and so on XRD, TEM agglutinates the after test specimen to the vacuum to carry on the microscopic organization analysis. The XRD analysis result indicated in passes through 1,300 ℃ high temperatures to agglutinate, in the mix material initial joins TiB2 and the substrate material responded completely, the production strengthens TiB, tallies with thermodynamics computation result. The gold and the TEM analysis result indicated agglutinates after the vacuum, in the compound materials has obvious enhancement TiB, and strengthens the body to assume the crystal to have the shape, the crystal to have the diameter to be 0.5 mu m, the length about 60 mu m, the enhancement distributes in the substrate evenly, with the substrate between the contact surface smooth, is clean.
To the TiB enhancement titanium base compound materials which prepares carry on the room temperature compressive test, the test result indicated that, The compound materials compression yield strength about 1320Mpa, compared the substrate material the compression performance to have the distinct enhancement, but the material elongation ratio reduced relatively.